Conclusions E. miyagawai infection is common in domestic ducks in Wuhu area, and the mitochondrial Cox1 gene is a feasible marker of intra- and inter-species molecular identification of Echinostoma.Objective To assess the acute toxicity of Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ to Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ solutions were prepared at five concentrations, and 10 snails were exposed to each concentration for 24, 48, 72 h and 96 h. Then, the inhibition of snail activity and snail death was observed, and the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and median lethal concentrations (LC50) were estimated. Results The 24, 48, 72 h and 96 h EC50 values of Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ were 0.74, 0.56, 0.46, 0.37 mg/L, 4.79, 3.52, 1.70, 1.26 mg/L, 1.90, 1.49, 0.83, 0.76 mg/L and 21.40, 9.98, 7.90, 5.42 mg/L for snails, respectively. The 96 h LC50 values of Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ were 0.43, 2.96, 1.12 mg/L and 12.22 mg/L for snails, the safe concentrations were 0.004 3, 0.029 6, 0.011 2, 0.122 2 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Cu2+ shows a high acute toxicity to snails, and Cd2+ and Hg2+ exhibit a moderate acute toxicity to snails, while Pb2+ is lowly toxic to snails.Objective To investigate the regulatory role of recombinant Trichinella spiralis cysteine protease inhibitors (rTs-Cys) in induction of polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro. Methods BMDMs were captured and cultured in conditioned medium for 7 days. Then, mature BMDMs were harvested and assigned into four groups. Cells in Group A (negative control) were given 10 ng/mL IFN-γ combined with 100 ng/mL LPS, cells in Group B (positive control) were treated with IL-4 and IL-10 (at 10 ng/mL both), and cells in Group C (recombinant protein alone) were stimulated with 1 μg/mL rTs-Cys, while cells in Group D (protein co-culture) were simultaneously treated with 1 μg/mL rTs-Cys, 10 ng/mL IFN-γ and 100 ng/mL LPS. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fluzoparib.html Cells and culture supernatant were collected 24 hour post-treatment, and the proportions of F4/80+, CD11b+, CD206+ and CD11c+ cells were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin IL-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the cell culture supernatant were measured by ELISA and the CD86+ and CD206+ phenotypes were identified by immunofluorescent staining. Results Flow cytometry detected no significant difference in the proportion of F4/80+ CD11b+ CD11c+ cells among the four groups (F = 46.184, P 0.05). Conclusions rTs-Cys may induce the polarization of BMDMs to antiinflammatory M2 macrophages in vitro and inhibit the activation of M1 macrophages.Objective To detect the chloroquine-resistant molecular marker polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum imported into China, investigate the mutation types of P. falciparum chloroquine resistant transporter (Pfcrt) gene at positions 72 to 76, and analyze the specificity of the P. falciparum specimens with different origins. Methods A total of 674 filter paper blood samples were collected from the National Malaria Diagnosis Reference Laboratory of China in 2012 and 2018. The amino acid po- sitions 72 to 76 of the Pfcrt gene on chromosome 7 were amplified using nested PCR assay and sequenced, and the sequencing results of the target gene fragment and the geographical region-specific prevalence of the mutations in the Pfcrt gene were analyzed. Results Among the 674 imported P. falciparum malaria cases in China in 2012 and 2018, 99.5% (644/674) were from Africa, which were predominantly from western and central Africa (80.4%, 518/644), and 4.5% (30/674) from Southeast Asia and Oceania (Papua New Guinea). A total of imported malaria cases in China in 2012 and 2018, the P. falciparum imported from Sotheast Asia habors a higher proportion of resistance to chloroquine and a higher molecular polymophism at ami- no acid positions 72 to 76 of the Pfcrt gene than the parasite of the African origin.Objective To establish a rapid nucleic acid detection technique for identification of Echinococcus multilocularis based on the recombinase aided isothermal amplification assay (RAA) and assess its diagnostic efficiency. Methods The mitochondrial gene sequence of E. multilocularis (GenBank accession number AB018440) was used as a target sequence. The primers were designed according to the RAA reaction principle and synthesized, and RAA was performed using the generated primers. E. multilocularis genomic DNA at various concentrations and the pMD19-T (Simple) vector containing various copies of the target gene fragment were amplified using RAA to evaluate its sensitivity for detection of E. multilocularis, and RAA was em- ployed to detect the genomic DNA of E. granulosus G1 genotype, Taenia saginata, T. asiatica, T. multiceps, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Trichuris trichiura, Giardia lamblia, Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus westermani, Fasciola gigantica and Clonorchis sinensis to evaluate its specificity. in identification of E. multilocularis and gene diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis.Objective To characterize a species of the genus Tricula and parasitized trematodes in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province using a molecular analysis, so as to understand their taxonomic positions. Methods Tricula spp. and Oncomelania snails were collected from Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, and cercaria parasitizing snails were observed using crushing followed by microscopy. Cercaria parasitizing Tricula snails at various morphologies were sampled using a shedding method. Genomic DNA was extracted from snail soft tissues and cercariae, and the 16S rRNA, COI, 28S rDNA genes in snails and the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes in cercariae were amplified using a PCR assay and sequenced. The species of Tricula snails and their parasitized trematodes was characterized using sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Results Among 382 Tricula snails detected, there were three types of trematode cercariae found, including the non-forked (20.94%, 80/382), double-forked (3.40%, 13/382) and swallow shapes (7.07%, 27/382). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the 16S rRNA, COI and 28S rDNA gene sequences of this species of Tricula had high homology to those in Delavaya dianchiensis, and were clustered in a branch. Sequencing analysis of the ND1 and 28S rDNA genes revealed that the non-forked cercariae belonged to the family Pleu- rogenidae, the swallow-shaped cercariae belonged to the family Opecoelidae, and the double-forked cercariae belonged to another species of the genus Schistosoma that was different from S. sinensium and S. ovuncatum. Conclusions The species and taxonomy of Triculla spp. and their parasitized trematodes are preliminarily determined in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province; however, further studies are required to investigate the more definite taxonomy and pathogenicity.